The Indian Ocean Region faces numerous traditional & non-traditional security threats. Strategic competition, coupled with regional conflicts, signify turbulent landscape of the region. Non-state actors’ use of force at sea, narco-trafficking, human smuggling & piracy compound the existing complexity. Increasing use of ocean resources has led to degradation of marine ecosystems. Climate change exacerbates threats to marine biodiversity and sustainability. Use of unmanned (with future AI-enabled) systems coupled with cyber attacks against maritime interests is rapidly changing threat perceptions, which makes maritime security an inescapable requirement for prosperity. These challenges pose substantial risks to economic development, global trade and good order at sea, necessitating collaborative efforts to ensure maritime security & promote sustainable practices for a stable & prosperous maritime future.